Transcatheter Treatments of Valvular Heart Disease

Aug 26, 2023

Transcatheter Treatments of Valvular Heart Disease

Transcatheter valvular repair and implantation has become increasingly common for treating patients diagnosed with valvular heart diseases.

0:00 This video summarizes the three transcatheter valvular therapies currently in use in the United States: transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI), transcatheter valve-in-valve procedures, and transcatheter edge-to-edge mitral valve repair.

0:47 Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVI) for patients with severe aortic stenosis regardless of surgical risk
2:47 Transcatheter valve-in-valve procedures for patients with bioprosthetic valve failure
3:35 Transcatheter mitral valve repair for high surgical risk degenerative mitral regurgitation and for severe functional mitral regurgitation regardless of surgical risk.

Click ja.ma/tavireview to read the complete review.

Illustrations by Lohitha Kethu, MA

Content

0.42 -> Transcatheter valvular repair and implantation has become increasingly

4.11 -> common in treating patients diagnosed with valvular heart diseases.

8.22 -> While conditions such as aortic stenosis, mitral regurgitation,

11.72 -> and tricuspid regurgitation have traditionally been treated with

15.089 -> open surgery, transcatheter aortic valve replacement is indicated for

18.93 -> patients with severe aortic stenosis regardless of their surgical risk,

22.93 -> and transcatheter mitral valve repair is indicated for degenerative

26.24 -> mitral regurgitation for patients at high surgical risk and for severe

30.22 -> functional mitral regurgitation regardless of surgical risk.

34.18 -> This video will provide an overview of three transcatheter

37.19 -> valvular therapies currently available in the United States.

47.44 -> Transcatheter valvular repair and implantation was first developed

50.64 -> as a treatment for aortic stenosis.

53.639 -> Transcatheter aortic valve implantation involves placing a catheter from the

57.2 -> femoral artery into the heart and across the diseased valve to place either a

61.42 -> self-expanding valve or, as seen in this video, a balloon-expandable valve.

66.99 -> Calcium in the diseased aortic valve serve as anchors, holding

70.21 -> the artificial valve in place.

72.74 -> A post implant aortogram is performed to assess the aortic regurgitation

77.23 -> and verify position of the valve.

79.58 -> Following placement of the valve, the catheter is withdrawn, and the placement

83.07 -> and function of the valve confirmed with transthoracic echocardiography.

87.549 -> TAVI was first approved by the FDA in 2011, and as of 2019, is

92.68 -> currently approved for patients with severe, symptomatic aortic stenosis

96.23 -> regardless of surgical risk level undergoing open surgery and can be

99.82 -> performed using a balloon-expandable or a self-expanding valve.

104.299 -> The 2020 American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association

108.24 -> guidelines list both TAVI and surgical aortic valve replacement,

112.07 -> or SAVR, as Class I recommendations, meaning a strong recommendation for

116.22 -> use as first-line therapies, for any symptomatic patient with severe

119.639 -> aortic stenosis regardless of surgical risk and for asymptomatic patients

124.17 -> with severe aortic stenosis and an ejection fraction of less than

127.67 -> 50%, regardless of surgical risk.

130.59 -> It is important to consider that the ultimate recommendation for TAVI

134.13 -> or SAVR for each patient considers patient characteristics and preferences

138.04 -> since the current guidelines don't distinguish between choice of

140.54 -> therapy based on the traditional low, intermediate, or high-risk designations.

145.6 -> Approval for all surgical risk categories was based on data

148.44 -> from a series of eight randomized clinical trials conducted between

151.67 -> May 2007 and November 2018.

154.88 -> A summary of the primary endpoints for these RCTs can be found in a JAMA

158.9 -> review on transcatheter procedures for valvular disease published in

162.71 -> the June 22nd, 2021 issue of JAMA.

167.99 -> Transcatheter valve-in-valve procedures have evolved as a less

170.27 -> invasive option for patients with bioprosthetic aortic valve failure.

174.679 -> Bioprosthetic valves can fail by stenosis, regurgitation, or both.

179.25 -> In the example here, pressure tracings reveal that the valve

181.97 -> has failed due to stenosis.

185.19 -> The procedure involves implanting a transcatheter aortic valve

188.5 -> inside of the failing bioprosthetic valve, allowing a patient to avoid

192.29 -> a second or third sternotomy.

194.99 -> Similarly, transcatheter mitral valve-in-valve procedures have been

198.639 -> successfully performed as well.

200.52 -> This procedure uses a transseptal puncture to access the mitral valve.

204.5 -> Then, an aortic valve prosthesis is implanted within the failing

207.9 -> bioprosthetic mitral valve, and studies have demonstrated a low complication

211.98 -> rate and low 30-day mortality.

216.87 -> Transcatheter mitral valve edge-to-edge repair is a treatment option for mitral

220.24 -> regurgitation and is performed under general anesthesia with fluoroscopic

224.059 -> and transesophageal echocardiography guidance throughout the procedure.

229.07 -> The device is inserted through the femoral vein and requires a transseptal

232.379 -> puncture to access the left atrium.

234.709 -> The device is advanced across the left atrium and across the mitral valve

238.19 -> into the left ventricle, grasping the anterior and posterior leaflet of the

242.42 -> mitral valve to approximate the leaflets at the location of the regurgitant jet.

247.02 -> Often, more than one clips is deployed during the procedure

249.65 -> to achieve an optimal reduction in mitral regurgitation.

254.54 -> In the current ACC/AHA guidelines, for degenerative, or primary, mitral

258.91 -> regurgitation, mitral valve surgery is a class I indication for patients

262.98 -> with severe, symptomatic mitral regurgitation and for asymptomatic

266.47 -> patients with left ventricular ejection fractions of less than 60%.

271.335 -> Transcatheter edge-to-edge mitral valve repair using the MitraClip

274.36 -> device is a class 2A treatment option, meaning a moderate recommendation,

278.82 -> for high or prohibitive surgical risk patients with degenerative mitral

282.07 -> regurgitation and suitable anatomy.

284.799 -> In patients with severe functional, or secondary, mitral regurgitation,

288.34 -> the guidelines recommend mitral valve surgery as a class 2B recommendation,

292.48 -> meaning weak recommendation, only if guideline directed medical therapy

296.05 -> has failed and patients continue with persistent New York Heart

299.159 -> Assocation class III-IV symptoms.

301.799 -> The guideline recommends transcatheter edge-to-edge mitral valve repair

305.02 -> as a class 2A indication for patients with symptomatic functional

308.41 -> mitral regurgitation with LVEF of 20%-50% after guideline directed

313.99 -> medical therapy that is supervised by a heart failure specialist.

318.34 -> Three randomized clinical trials conducted between September 2005 and

322.06 -> March 2017 investigated the safety and efficacy of transcatheter edge-to-edge

327.08 -> repair in patients with moderately severe or severe mitral regurgitation,

331.4 -> and functional mitral regurgitation.

333.53 -> The Endovascular Valve Edge-to-Edge Repair Study II data led to the initial

337.17 -> FDA approval of the technology for degenerative mitral regurgitation

340.539 -> therapy in high-risk patients.

344.13 -> Currently, commercially available transcatheter tricuspid valve

347.43 -> therapies are approved in the European Union and are being investigated in

351.179 -> several trials in the United States.

353.05 -> Devices used in the Triluminate, Clasp TR, and Cardioband trials are approved

357.969 -> in the EU for use, with the device in Evoque still in investigational trials.

362.84 -> The devices from Clasp TR, Triluminate, and Evoque are in pivotal trials

366.77 -> in the US, with Cardioband in the early feasibility study stage.

370.52 -> For more information on this and other procedures and trials

373.28 -> discussed in this video, read the full clinical review at JAMA.com.

Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xUjTFj_Z6S8