Common stroke signs and symptoms | Circulatory System and Disease | NCLEX-RN | Khan Academy

Aug 26, 2023

Common stroke signs and symptoms | Circulatory System and Disease | NCLEX-RN | Khan Academy

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Content

1.675 -> - [Voiceover] You can develop all sorts of symptoms

3.651 -> after having a stroke

5.049 -> because if something's happened

6.238 -> to your master control center, your brain,

9.155 -> then all sorts of stuff,

10.371 -> all sorts of functions can be compromised

12.378 -> and that will manifest as you having symptoms, right?

15.517 -> That makes sense.

16.845 -> But there are certain groups of symptoms

19.371 -> that happen the most frequently

20.849 -> and I want to take a look at these.

22.835 -> These happen the most because,

24.358 -> well, remember strokes happen

25.881 -> when blood flow is compromised, right?

28.042 -> These groups of symptoms are the result of

30.376 -> common blockages in certain arteries.

33.522 -> And we'll explore this.

35.344 -> The first one we'll look at is sudden numbness

37.702 -> or weakness of the face,

39.684 -> the arm or the leg.

42.089 -> Immediately, a few questions pop into your mind, right?

45.108 -> Why would you develop numbness or weakness?

48.536 -> Why commonly the face, the arm and the leg?

51.998 -> Also, does this happen on both sides of the body

54.385 -> or is it just one side of the body?

56.538 -> These are all great questions.

58.675 -> Oh, thank you.

59.8 -> Let's look at each one in turn for some possible reasons.

63.642 -> Why would you develop numbness or weakness?

66.063 -> The numbness might happen

67.194 -> if you developed a stroke in this area here

69.941 -> called the Primary Somatosensory cortex, right?

73.869 -> As its name implies,

75.533 -> it's the key part of your brain

76.948 -> that allows you to feel stuff

78.539 -> so if it gets damaged,

80.211 -> you might end up with a change in your sensation.

82.54 -> For example, numbness.

84.523 -> The weakness could happen

85.526 -> if you developed a stroke next door,

87.192 -> in this Motor cortex area here, right?

89.598 -> Again, the name, kind of, lets you know

91.671 -> it's a major player in controlling your movements.

94.394 -> Damage could result in weakness of your movements.

97.609 -> Let me just clarify that it's a little bit more complicated

100.216 -> than just the Sensory cortex is in charge of your sensation

103.039 -> and your Motor cortex is in charge of your movements,

105.18 -> there's a lot more bits of your brain

107.304 -> that have inputs to all these things

109.007 -> but we won't worry about those for now

110.405 -> because I just want to focus on some of the concepts here.

113.712 -> Now, why the face, the arm, the leg, why?

116.37 -> Why different parts of the body?

118.122 -> The short answer is that it depends on which part

121.013 -> of the Motor or the Sensory cortex gets damaged.

124.397 -> Let me put it to you this way,

125.563 -> the different parts of the body are, sort of,

127.542 -> represented on the Motor and Sensory cortices

130.376 -> in different places.

132.53 -> This isn't perfect but conceptually

134.854 -> a common way to think of it

137.177 -> is as this guy, sort of, draped over, right?

140.166 -> through a line down on the brain

142.152 -> with his legs dangling in the longitudinal fissure

145.386 -> and his arms, sort of, about here

147.848 -> and his face down here.

149.78 -> It turns out that the neurons in roughly this area

153.006 -> supply the Motor and Sensory for the legs

156.118 -> and neurons in roughly this area

158.401 -> supply Motor and Sensory for your body.

161.386 -> The ones in this area here

162.846 -> control the bulk of your upper limbs

164.719 -> and then these ones here, for your face.

168.056 -> You might, actually, notice that

169.218 -> the lips and the face and the hands

171.203 -> aren't proportional to the rest of the body here.

173.841 -> That's because more sensitive parts of the body,

176.063 -> like your lips and your face and your hands,

177.823 -> they get dibs on more neurons to supply them

180.574 -> so this is usually drawn to reflect that.

183.523 -> You can probably see where I'm going with this

185.177 -> but if you get some compromise of your end

187.847 -> to your cerebral artery, your ACA,

189.854 -> which supplies this part of your brain here,

192.528 -> you'd get possible Motor or Sensory symptoms in your legs.

196.685 -> If you get some compromise of your Middle Cerebral Artery,

199.539 -> your MCA,

200.709 -> which supplies all of this area here,

204.174 -> you'd end up with symptoms affecting your face

206.529 -> and your upper limbs, right?

209.025 -> Finally, one or both sides of the body.

212.057 -> Most of the brain is setup in this interesting way where,

215.027 -> and actually we'll go into details,

216.547 -> but it's setup so that this Motor and Sensory cortex

219.363 -> on say the left side,

221.033 -> are controlling and interpreting

222.945 -> sensations for the opposite,

224.363 -> the right side of the body and vice versa.

227.156 -> That just has to do with the way

228.17 -> that their neurons are connected up

229.839 -> to send and receive signals.

231.55 -> The neurons, actually, cross

232.91 -> from one side of the body to the other.

235.188 -> That happens either in the spinal cord,

238.381 -> in the brainstem

239.857 -> or in the brain itself.

241.191 -> You get this crossing over.

243.342 -> But I digress.

245.053 -> If you have damage to one side,

246.858 -> you'd end up with symptoms on the opposite side.

249.553 -> If you have damage to both sides,

251.976 -> then you get symptoms on both sides of the body, savvy?

255.153 -> I just watched 11 hours of Pirates of the Caribbean

258.245 -> so I might use pirate speak a lot, savvy?

262.161 -> All right, so that's one major set of symptoms,

264.71 -> sensory changes or weakness.

266.536 -> What's next?

267.975 -> Sudden trouble speaking or understanding others.

271.523 -> Why would this happen?

273.377 -> The most common reason you might have

274.832 -> trouble with your speech

275.827 -> is that the stroke has affected

277.375 -> some of the key parts of your brain

278.992 -> that deal with your speech

280.555 -> which are served by the Middle Cerebral Artery.

283.692 -> Actually, almost 40% of people who have a stroke

286.535 -> end up with some problems with expression of their language.

289.691 -> Let me give you an example here of two important areas.

293.116 -> You got his area of the brain here in your frontal lobe

295.986 -> called your Broca's area

298.185 -> which is involved in nice, fluid speech productions.

301.689 -> If this gets damaged, you might end up with,

303.722 -> sort of, slow and poorly articulated speech.

307.937 -> You've got this area right here

309.211 -> near the junction of your temporal and parietal lobes

311.839 -> called your Wernicke's area

313.535 -> which is important in your ability

315.185 -> to understand what people say to you.

317.161 -> It's, actually, also really important in producing

319.189 -> nice, meaningful, specific speech

321.369 -> so if you damaged this area,

323.161 -> you'd end up with poor comprehension

325.019 -> of what people are saying to you

326.665 -> and when you speak,

328.001 -> you wouldn't really be able to pick the right words

330.173 -> to express what you want to say.

331.928 -> You, kind of, just end up rambling a bit, unfortunately.

335.965 -> Next up, we have sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes.

340.841 -> Here's a top-down view of the brain

342.827 -> to help us understand this.

344.69 -> Up here is the front

345.698 -> and back here is the back.

346.884 -> This is the left eye

348.151 -> and this is the right eye.

350.711 -> There's really two, sort of,

352.184 -> overarching parts to proper vision.

354.684 -> You need a healthy set of eyes,

356.215 -> to bring in the visual information,

359.028 -> and you need a healthy brain

360.86 -> to process and interpret that information, right?

363.85 -> If you had some stroke-related damage

366.184 -> to one of the parts of the brain

367.375 -> that manage your vision, right?

368.845 -> let's say you had a blockage in your

370.892 -> Posterior Cerebral Artery, your PCA,

373.35 -> which supplies your occipital lobe,

375.675 -> that's the major lobe that allows you to have vision,

379.185 -> you could, actually, end up with some vision loss.

382.115 -> The occipital lobe is also wired up

384.187 -> in an interesting way where...

385.825 -> Actually, let me just draw out the two fields of vision

388.929 -> to make this really clear.

390.84 -> Here's your left field of vision from your left eye

393.83 -> and here's your right field of vision from your right eye.

397.239 -> If you sustain some damage to this

399.385 -> left side of the occipital lobe,

401.681 -> you, actually, end up with loss of vision

403.393 -> in the right halves

405.985 -> of both

407.865 -> your left and your right visual fields.

411.055 -> That's weird, right?

412.405 -> That just has to do with the way your

414.16 -> neurons are connected up from your

415.949 -> eyes to your occipital lobe.

418.199 -> Similarly, if you have a stroke affecting your

420.402 -> right side of your occipital lobe

421.83 -> then you'd lose vision in both your left

424.368 -> visual fields, right?

426.513 -> Very interesting.

428.385 -> All right, what's next?

429.697 -> Another common set of symptoms are ones to do with balance.

433.876 -> You get this sudden feeling of dizziness

436.004 -> or loss of balance or coordination.

438.769 -> You might have trouble, say walking.

441.85 -> This can happen if you have a stroke in your Cerebellum.

444.679 -> A substantial enough blockage

447.155 -> in at least one of the three main arteries

449.37 -> that supply it with blood.

451.88 -> Why would this result in dizziness or loss of balance?

455.024 -> Well, because the Cerebellum

456.531 -> is the major coordinator of our movements,

458.849 -> if something happens to it,

460.869 -> we start to get imprecise and uncoordinated

463.948 -> and we end up having poor timing to out movements.

467.97 -> Okay, so the last symptom I'll cover

469.53 -> is just a sudden severe headache with no known cause,

474.194 -> no cause that you can, sort of, think of.

476.449 -> You might remember that there's a subtype of stroke

478.728 -> called the Hemorrhagic stroke

480.536 -> which is where a blood vessel in the brain,

482.361 -> actually, bursts and causes a stroke

484.559 -> by loss of blood from the cerebral circulation.

488.019 -> This is probably not so surprising

490.855 -> but when a blood vessel bursts in your head,

493.684 -> it hurts a lot.

496.091 -> You get a sudden severe headache with no explanation.

500.319 -> There you go, those were five of the most common

503.152 -> stroke signs and symptoms.

Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kVGb778WcMU