Pediatric Cardiology & Cardiac Defects | NCLEX RN Review
Pediatric Cardiology & Cardiac Defects | NCLEX RN Review
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Cardiac conditions can affect individuals at a very young age…In this video we will look at some common cardiac conditions of childhood.
A Congenital Heart Defect is when the heart or blood vessels near the heart don’t develop normally before birth. There are at least 18 specific types of congenital heart defects, but diagnosis and treatments continue to advance, making it possible to fix most problems.
Some common heart defects you may come across include…
Aortic valve stenosis, Pulmonary valve stenosis, Atrial septal defect (ASD), Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
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Content
4.86 -> Welcome to this video tutorial on pediatric
cardiac conditions.
9.18 -> Cardiac conditions can affect individuals
at a very young age.
12.92 -> In this video, we will look at some common
cardiac conditions of childhood.
17.539 -> A congenital heart defect is when the heart
or blood vessels near the heart don’t develop
21.84 -> normally before birth.
23.82 -> There are at least 18 specific types of congenital
heart defects, but diagnoses and treatments
29.14 -> continue to advance, making it possible to
fix most problems.
33.68 -> Some common heart defects you may come across
include: Aortic Valve Stenosis – narrowing
39.5 -> or obstruction of the aortic valve, causing
the left ventricle to hold trapped blood and
44.44 -> build up pressure; Pulmonary Valve Stenosis
– the pulmonary valve is narrowed, causing
50.42 -> an obstruction to blood flowing from the right
ventricle; Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) – This
57.361 -> is a hole in the wall separating the atrium;
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) – This is
64.28 -> a hole in the wall separating the ventricles;
Coarctation of the Aorta – This is a narrowing
70.58 -> of the aorta, which carries blood to the body
(this can cause high blood pressure or heart
75.5 -> damage); Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) – an
unclosed hole in the aorta, which is normal
83.13 -> for the fetus, since blood does not need to
go to the lungs to get oxygenated, but this
88.131 -> hole is supposed to close when the baby is
born.
91.97 -> Congenital heart defects can sometimes improve
without treatment, or may be so small that
95.93 -> they don’t require treatment.
97.42 -> However, most of the time, congenital heart
defects are serious and require surgery and/or
102.9 -> medications such as diuretics or digoxin,
which strengthens the contraction of the heart.
108.619 -> In some cases, surgery is required to restore
circulation back to normal, sometimes requiring
114.23 -> multiple surgeries.
115.57 -> Most patients require specialized care from
a cardiologist throughout their lifetime.
121.32 -> Heart failure simply describes a heart that
is not functioning properly.
125.21 -> It hasn’t stopped working yet, but its not
working as well as it should.
128.989 -> Heart failure in children is either caused
by overcirculation, when blood is mixing inside
133.359 -> the heart due to a congenital heart defect,
or a pump failure, when there is damage to
138.389 -> the heart muscle and it no longer contracts
normally.
141.909 -> Possible symptoms of heart failure include
trouble breathing, excessive sweating, poor
147.599 -> feeding or growth, low blood pressure.
151.4 -> Many of the causes of heart failure can be
repaired or treated with medication, especially
155.669 -> as newer techniques and medications become
available.
159.349 -> Heart murmurs are common in children and are
usually innocent or harmless.
163.069 -> They often disappear as the child reaches
adulthood, but some adults still have them.
168.18 -> A heart murmur may also be an indication of
the problem.
172.09 -> Murmurs are often caused by defective heart
valves.
174.959 -> If a valve can’t open or close completely,
regurgitation occurs.
179.819 -> Murmurs can also be caused by congenital defects
as well as fever and anemia.
184.64 -> Arrhythmias, also called dysrhythmias, can
occur at any age and many times they have
190.139 -> no symptoms.
191.169 -> They can cause the heart rate to be irregular,
fast, or slow.
195.319 -> Many of the same arrhythmias that affect adults
can also affect children.
199.59 -> It is important for the arrhythmia to be properly
diagnosed, so it can be properly treated.
204.37 -> The nurse should teach the parent important
things to know for a child with an arrhythmia,
208.65 -> including CPR, checking the child’s heart
rate, knowing how to slow the child’s heart
213.33 -> rate, knowing what to avoid, and understanding
the child’s medications or pacemaker.
220.069 -> Cardiomyopathy is relatively rare in children
and refers to a disease state of the heart
223.949 -> involving abnormalities of the muscle fibers.
227.159 -> There are four types of cardiomyopathy including:
Dilated/congestive – This is the most common
233.78 -> type.
234.78 -> The heart muscle dilates, causing abnormal
contracting and pumping.
238.489 -> Hypertrophic – the heart muscle is abnormally
thick.
242.449 -> Restrictive – the relaxation/filling phase
is very abnormal.
246.809 -> The last one is Miscellaneous/rare.
249.629 -> Each type has different clinical features
and treatments.
254.15 -> Rheumatic heart disease is a rare condition
in which permanent scarring of the heart valves
258.069 -> is caused by rheumatic fever.
260.949 -> Rheumatic fever usually occurs in children
ages 5-15 that have had an inadequately treated
266.169 -> or untreated strep throat infection.
269.53 -> Prevention is the best treatment for rheumatic
heart disease.
273.21 -> Antibiotics can usually treat a Streptococcus
bacterial infection (strep throat), which
277.8 -> will prevent the acute rheumatic fever from
developing.
281.93 -> Children that develop rheumatic fever are
often given ongoing antibiotic treatments
285.74 -> to prevent subsequent inflammation of rheumatic
fever and lower the risk of heart damage.
291.34 -> If heart valve damage does occur, surgical
repair or replacement may be necessary.
296.67 -> Kawasaki disease, or mucocutaneous lymph node
syndrome, is a rare childhood disease that
302.61 -> causes inflammation in the walls of blood
vessels.
305.849 -> It is most common in infants and young children
and is characterized by fever, rash, conjunctivitis,
312.31 -> swelling of the hands and feet, swollen lymph
glands in the neck, and irritation and redness
317.13 -> of the mouth, lips and tongue.
320.15 -> The cause of the disease is unknown, but it
may be the result of an infection triggering
324.18 -> an autoimmune response.
326.46 -> The heart may be affected, causing damage
to the coronary arteries and to the heart
330.22 -> muscle itself.
332.21 -> Kawasaki disease is treated with aspirin to
reduce fever, rash, joint inflammation and
337.36 -> pain and to prevent blood clots from forming.
340.53 -> Also, IV immunoglobulin therapy decreases
the risk of developing heart disease.
347.22 -> Reassure parents that there is no known prevention
for the disease and there was nothing they
351.419 -> could have done to prevent it.
353.449 -> The goal in treatment is to make the child
as comfortable as possible while the illness
357.199 -> runs its course over 10-14 days.
361.36 -> Cholesterol and high blood pressure is another
heart issue that can affect children of all
364.87 -> ages.
366.05 -> Buildup of fats and cholesterol in the arteries
begins in childhood and progresses slowly
370.34 -> into adulthood, often leading to coronary
heart disease, the leading cause of death
375.4 -> in the United States.
377.79 -> Cholesterol levels and the risk for coronary
heart disease are affected by eating patterns
382.21 -> and genetics.
383.509 -> Children can also develop high blood pressure.
385.74 -> It may be related to lifestyle-related factors
such as obesity, or it may be hereditary.
391.9 -> The high blood pressure can also be secondary
to certain diseases or some medications.
396.65 -> The American Heart Association recommends
that all children have yearly blood pressure
400.419 -> checks to allow for early detection and intervention.
403.62 -> The nurse should teach parents and children
about healthy eating habits, regular aerobic
407.86 -> exercise, reducing or avoiding obesity, discouraging
cigarette smoking, and treatment of high blood
414.139 -> pressure and diabetes.
416.74 -> Thank you for watching this video tutorial
on pediatric cardiac conditions.
421.139 -> Be sure to check out our other videos and
follow us on social media.
Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IGrmfUcWWCM