Pathophysiology: Heart Failure
Pathophysiology: Heart Failure
Overview of congestive heart failure for Pathophysiology, Anatomy and Physiology, Nursing and Allied Heath.
Content
5.85 -> In this video, I will cover congestive heart
failure (CHF)
10.75 -> Congestive heart failure occurs when damage
to the heart results in the inability of the
14.612 -> heart to adequately pump blood.
17.77 -> This leads to a buildup of fluid in the abdomen
and lower extremities.
21.98 -> The heart attempts to adapt to heart failure
by causing the ventricles to enlarge and increases
27.3 -> the heart rate as the heart struggles to maintain
cardiac output.
32.399 -> Heart failure signs and symptoms include:
Shortness of breath on exertion
37.05 -> Swelling in the abdomen (ascites) and/or extremities
Fatigue/Inability to perform activities
46.21 -> Coughing with pink, bloody sputum
Fluid retention
50.649 -> Increased urination
Chest pain
55.19 -> Increased heart rate
Causes of heart failure include myocardial
59.16 -> infarction (heart attack) due to coronary
artery disease, hypertension, valvular diseases,
66.36 -> myocarditis, arrhythmias, and congenital heart
disease.
71.04 -> Heart failure can affect the right and/or
left sides of the heart.
75.23 -> Left-sided heart failure can affect the filling
of the ventricles (diastolic heart failure)
80.549 -> and the pumping of the ventricles (systolic
heart failure).
84.48 -> In diastolic heart failure, stiffness of the
ventricular wall interferes with its ability
89.37 -> to relax.
90.96 -> This results in problems with the amount of
blood entering the ventricle (decreased stroke
95.46 -> volume).
96.57 -> In systolic heart failure, the ventricular
wall is damaged resulting in the inability
101.21 -> to pump blood out of the ventricle.
103.85 -> The ventricle enlarges attempting to compensate
for the reduced ability to pump blood.
110.23 -> In right-sided heart failure, the right ventricle
becomes damaged in response to left-sided
115.229 -> heart failure.
117.21 -> Left-sided heart failure causes an increase
in pressure in the right side of the heart.
121.869 -> This increase in blood pressure can damage
the right side of the heart causing blood
126.649 -> to back up in the abdomen and extremities
resulting in edema.
132.23 -> As heart failure progresses, compensatory
mechanisms are activated which include:
137.82 -> The Frank-Starling mechanism in which the
heart contracts more forcefully with increased
142.16 -> preload or blood entering the heart.
145.61 -> This occurs in healthy heart tissue.
147.67 -> However, in damaged tissue in which the ability
to stretch is impaired, heart muscle cannot
153.269 -> keep up with the demand resulting in impaired
blood flow.
156.91 -> Myocyte regeneration in which damaged heart
muscle cells are replaced by new cells.
162.959 -> In heart failure, the generation of new cells
cannot keep up with the process of cell death.
168.9 -> Cardiac hypertrophy in which the heart muscle
thickens in response to the increased workload
173.959 -> which increases efficiency in normal individuals.
176.73 -> However, due to dysfunctional muscle tissue
this process can eventually contribute to
181.66 -> the disease.
183.51 -> Eccentric Remodeling in which the heart becomes
larger and more elongated.
187.4 -> The heart muscle fibers become stretched and
thin which impair their ability to effectively
193.349 -> contract.
194.51 -> This leads to decreased cardiac output.
197.599 -> Activation of the Renin-angiotensin aldosterone
system (RAAS) due to the decrease in cardiac
204.23 -> output.
205.44 -> The RAAS promotes fluid retention and vasoconstriction
to help increase blood flow but also contributes
212.599 -> to heart failure.
213.98 -> Treatment for heart failure includes medications
and lifestyle changes.
219.33 -> Medications such as diuretics, ACE inhibitors,
beta-blockers, and aldosterone antagonists
225.01 -> can help to reduce fluid buildup in the body,
lower blood pressure, and improve cardiac
230.22 -> function.
232.25 -> Lifestyle changes such as maintaining a healthy
diet, exercising regularly, and reducing stress
238.01 -> can also help to support heart health and
prevent further damage.
242.86 -> In some cases, surgical interventions such
as coronary artery bypass surgery, heart valve
248.54 -> replacement, or installation of a left ventricular
assist device may be necessary to improve
254.379 -> cardiac function.
256.489 -> I hope you have learned about congestive heart
failure.
260.45 -> Thanks for watching and see you next time.
Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C3dbB4RMSkY